NAPERVILLE – Once described as able to “fight her weight in wildcat,” University of Chicago graduate Gertrude Beasley came out swinging in her 1925 memoir, “My First Thirty Years.”
In the first sentence, she accused her father of raping her mother. By page 2, she was relating her first real memory: a sexual assault by her eldest brother when she was only about 4 years old.
Beasley’s blistering account of poverty and abuse on the Texas frontier was banned for “obscenity” in the 1920s, despite an admiring review in the New Yorker. Within two years, Beasley, a journalist with a master’s degree from the University of Chicago, was committed to a Long Island psychiatric hospital where she would remain for the rest of her life.
But against the odds, the frank and feminist book at the center of the firestorm has lived on, finding safe harbor in academic libraries, and winning ardent fans such as Larry McMurtry, author of the Pulitzer-Prize winning novel “Lonesome Dove.”
And now for the first time, Beasley’s memoir is available to the general public thanks to the efforts of Nina Bennett, her sister-in-law Marie Bennett and Dominque Raccah, Nina’s mother-in-law and Marie’s stepmother, who published it through Raccah’s Naperville-based Sourcebooks.
“(Beasley) blew my mind in those first 10 pages. Heck, the first paragraph. And that’s when I started digging in, and realized the backstory, and I was just so upset,” said Nina Bennett, 36, a municipal consultant in Dallas.
“We had come so far as a society and her words were still inaccessible. You could not access them unless you had connections to an academic library, which, because my husband’s a professor at (Southern Methodist University), I do. Marie’s stepmother founded her own publishing company 34 years ago. For random reasons, we were in the place and we had the connections to elevate her words.”
Nina Bennett and Marie Bennett, 48, a classical musician from Aurora, recently talked about Beasley’s life and work via Zoom. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
Q: Gertrude is such an extraordinary person. How would you describe her?
Marie: If she were suddenly transposed into the 21st century, I see her as an extremely articulate, extremely effective advocate or protest leader.
Nina: When I wrote the introduction to the book, that was really how I tried to frame her. I envision her doing protest cheers with her microphone and leading revolts and being the person who says, “This is not acceptable.” She is not a person who would be brokering negotiations; she would be the (one) that you would deploy (saying), “You’d better negotiate with us, because otherwise, we’re going to sic Gertrude on you.”
Q. Gertrude says multiple male siblings sexually abused her as a child, and suggests that there may have been similar abuse in other local families. Do you have any idea how common that was?
Nina: I don’t have any sense of how common sibling rape was. What I do have a sense of was that life on the frontiers, life as a farmer in the Great Plains or the Midwest, was so much harder than “Little House on the Prairie” depicts it, and so much less child friendly. You see it coming out in books that were published at the time: this real, horrible poverty, and how degrading that sort of impossible poverty is. None of those books have stood the test of time. I think part of that is because we didn’t want to know, as a country. I think the other thing is that no one would publish it. That’s part of why there’s so little documentary evidence.
Q. Chicago, where Gertrude studied and taught school in her 20s, was a place where she really blossomed.
Nina: I think Texas gave her the anger and the drive against degradation. Chicago gave her the causes into which she could channel that anger and that drive. She was given a vocabulary that she didn’t have before, and I mean that both literally and figuratively. She was exposed to woman professionals. She was exposed to advocates. She was exposed to feisty women that made men afraid. There was a great quote (from Gertrude) about the (Chicago Public Schools superintendent Ella Flagg Young): “It was my idea of a good time to see men afraid of a woman.”
Q. She let her guard down a bit. She let herself be vulnerable in Chicago.
Nina: Yes. She let herself be saddened, or almost mourning. In the first half of the book, particularly in the first 10 pages, she’s so, so angry. And by the end of the book, you feel she can allow herself to be sad and to mourn what she didn’t have and even go a step further and start to mourn what her mother didn’t have. She comes to this realization that her mother and all of their sisters — because they didn’t have the power of choice in their husbands, and when they had kids — they could not have a loving relationship. In some sense a loving relationship was reserved only for the wealthy and the privileged. There was a great quote in there, about her mom saying, love goes out the window when you’re poor.
Q. How much do we know about her time in the psychiatric hospital?
Nina: What we know is that she was (committed) within 10 days of her ship docking in Manhattan (in 1927). We know that she was sent to the Central Islip Psychiatric Center on Long Island. We know that she died there because copies of her death certificate were obtained and her burial plot was found on the site. We do not know anything about her records while in the hospital. My understanding is that those may exist, but the state of New York has not released them and will not release them, even to kin. In the Texas Monthly article that came out a couple weeks ago, the author made a compelling case (that) we don’t know. Maybe she had a total psychiatric breakdown. We just don’t know. There’s a lot of really compelling reasons to assume that (her hospitalization) was absolutely unwarranted, but we don’t actually know.
What to know about ‘mix-and-match’ COVID-19 vaccine boosters
What does this authorization actually mean right now?
The authorization from the FDA is a crucial step before full approval and before more people in the U.S. can start receiving a booster shot. A separate advisory committee for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is scheduled to vote Thursday on the use of Moderna and J&J boosters.
The only one of the three vaccines available in booster form is Pfizer-BioNTech and only for those 65 years and older or vulnerable Americans. Vulnerable may mean you live in a long-term care facility, work in a high-risk location, or have underlying condition like a chronic lung disease or obesity.
“It’s a little confusing,” said Dr. Sajal Tanna, an infectious disease physician at Northwestern Memorial Hospital and assistant professor at Northwestern’s school of medicine. “It’s just hard for laypeople and even physicians to know the whole process. The FDA says OK, but we can’t actually practice it yet. We have to wait for the CDC.”
Since mid-August, the United States has already been administering third Moderna and Pfizer doses to a small group of patients who are moderately to highly immunocompromised, including organ transplant recipients, some cancer patients and folks who take certain immunosuppressant medications. But this has only affected people with a very narrow list of conditions. The third doses serve a different purpose from booster shots, which are being administered to a wider base of people.
What does the authorization mean for each type of vaccine recipient?
For those who initially received the Moderna or Pfizer vaccine, officials said one generally should stick with the same vaccine series, primarily because there is no evidence of marked benefits, though the FDA announcement made no recommendation to that effect.
Some reasons to switch to a different brand might be if the individual had a particularly bad reaction to the mRNA technology included in both Moderna or Pfizer vaccines or if availability of their initial series is limited. A preliminary study discussed by an FDA advisory committee showed switching would be all right if the initial brand isn’t currently available.
However, for those who took the one-dose J&J vaccine, early research suggests taking the Moderna vaccine as a booster yielded the greatest antibody increase. The study showed that a second shot using the Moderna vaccine triggered a 76-fold increase in antibody levels. By contrast, a Pfizer booster increased antibody levels 35-fold, and the coordinating J&J booster yielded only a fourfold increase.
“If the FDA recommends mix and match, then I think the most promising thing is that people who’ve got the J&J would have the ability to switch over to Moderna or Pfizer for their boosters,” Tanna said.
Safety concerns may also play into some J&J recipients’ decision to switch to an mRNA booster shot. According to Yale Medicine, out of 9 million doses administered by May, 28 people developed a rare blood clotting disorder, three of whom died. The side effect tended to be slightly more common in women under 50 years old.
In July, the FDA also attached a warning for a rare neurological condition called Guillain-Barré syndrome to the J&J vaccine. Again, the cases were exceedingly rare with about 100 suspected cases primarily among men aged 50 years and older.
How conclusive is the study the FDA committee is basing their authorization partially on?
The study, while “encouraging,” is by no means conclusive, according to Tanna. The results of the study have yet to be formally peer reviewed and published. It is currently in preprint form, a version of a scientific study posted publicly prior to formal peer review.
Tanna pointed out a few caveats to keep in mind for the study. The number of people who participated in the study was relatively small, with about 50 people receiving a specific combination of original series and booster.
The study was also conducted before the Delta variant became the dominant strain of COVID-19, Tanna said. Additionally, the study primarily looked at antibody counts, which are a good measure of general resistance; however, it didn’t look at the T-cell response, which is harder to measure but is indicative of how well a vaccine limits the severity of the illness.
“The study wasn’t necessarily powered to say that one vaccination strategy of mixing and matching is better than another. And I think that’s what we all want, right?” Tanna said. “Tell me which ones to get, so I have the most protection, and I don’t think we can draw those conclusions just yet.”
How does this authorization affect different age groups?
Until the CDC rules on Moderna and J&J, the only booster shot that people in the U.S. are allowed to receive at present is a Pfizer booster if the recipient is vulnerable to COVID-19 or older than 65.
The FDA authorized Moderna half-dose booster shots Thursday for those aged 65 years and older or vulnerable people, which may be administered six months after the first set of doses. They then also authorized a J&J booster for all adults.
The agency’s authorization makes it so that anyone 18 and older who initially received the J&J vaccine could potentially get any other brand of booster vaccine only two months after their single dose.
The FDA’s announcement stressed that there is no need for recipients of one of the mRNA vaccines to get a booster if they are younger than 65 years old and do not qualify as vulnerable to the disease.
Is vaccine supply a concern?
In a way, yes. The country and each state likely has a deep stockpile of vaccine, even as the rest of the world struggles with shortages. However, the concern lies in which vaccines are available and where. Those who are unable to find a booster near them that corresponds with their original series, based on the new authorization, would be able to switch to a vaccine that is more readily available.
The interchangeability is expected to be particularly useful in nursing homes and other institutional settings where residents have received different shots over time.
Tanna said that, in her experience, all of her patients who are eligibly for the Pfizer booster have been able to find one easily and within the area.
Are the boosters a full or half-dose?
This is where the data gets confusing and a decision more difficult. The authorized Pfizer booster shot is one full dose of the vaccine.
The Moderna booster, on the other hand, is only recommended as a half-dose of the original full shot. The study that suggests a Moderna booster may provide a 76-fold increase in antibody levels when mixed with a J&J vaccination used a full-strength dose as a booster. It is unclear if the half-dose of Moderna that the FDA authorized would provide the same result without further testing, Tanna said.
Tanna said she is hopeful that this authorization will provide some much needed clarity and guidance for those who initially received the J&J vaccine.
“All these recommendations that have been made for additional doses or for booster vaccinations, the people who got Johnson and Johnson have felt left behind, especially if they’re high risk, and they really haven’t had the guidance they need,” Tanna said.
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October 24, 2021 at 07:34AM
